Scientists from Gjøvik University College (Norway) have classified and evaluated in their study the main health games to combat dementia.
CogniFit’s active aging program has positioned itself as leading technology in the prevention, rehabilitation, and evaluation of cognitive function in elders healthy or pathologically ill (Alzheimer’s, Mild Cognitive Impairment, Dementia, depression, insomnia, reduced mobility, etc.). CogniFit offers a series of validated clinical games aimed at preventing active and healthy dependence and aging.
The review carried out by these scientists proposes that although there are many brain training games, only a few have a real effect on people with cognitive disabilities. It has been shown that CogniFit has scientific research that demonstrates that the effect of its cognitive training is long-lasting and transferable to everyday activities of older people.
Brain training games dementia- Scientific study
Dementia is one of the most important problems faced by welfare and social security systems. It is estimated that there are currently 35.6 million people with dementia worldwide. This number will almost double every 20 years, reaching an estimated 65.7 million in 2030 and 115.4 million in 2050.
The most common symptom or characteristic of dementia is memory loss but also there are impediments in thinking, communication, orientation and
to cope with everyday tasks. Other symptoms include personality changes, anxiety, depression, suspicion, delusions, and compulsive behaviors. Dementia has several causes/types, the most common being Alzheimer’ s disease.
There is currently a proliferation of companies offering cognitive training programs and brain stimulation games aimed at treating, evaluating or preventing some of the most typical diseases of our time (dementia, cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s, etc.). However, there is quite a bit of confusion as to which programs are really serious, effective and useful in addressing the different types of dementia.
In this study, scientists Simon McCallum and Costas Boletsis of Gjøvik University College (Norway) have conducted a review of existing brain training games. The research carried out by these scientists proposes that, although there are many brain training games, only a few have a real effect on people with cognitive disabilities.
It has been shown that CogniFit has scientific research that demonstrates that the effect of its cognitive training is long-lasting and transferable to the activities of everyday living of older people.
CogniFit’s active aging program has positioned itself as a leading technology in the assessment, prevention and rehabilitation of cognitive function in healthy or pathologically elders and seniors (Mild phase Alzheimer’s, Mild Cognitive Impairment, dementia, depression, insomnia, reduced mobility,etc.).
CogniFit offers a battery of validated clinical games aimed at preventing active and healthy dependence and aging. Seniors are at high risk of developing a disease that affects the state of their cognition. CogniFit cognitive maintenance and active aging exercises aim to improve the well-being and quality of life of people as they age.
CogniFit’s mental stimulation and neurorehabilitation program allows for targeted interventions to suit older adults. Providing compensatory cognitive mechanisms and strategies to help you maintain proper mental health, autonomy, and competence for a longer period of time.
CogniFit is a validated cognitive stimulation and rehabilitation tool. This technology is made up of simple automated online brain games that are totally accessible to older adults.
To start using CogniFit, just register. The use of this clinical program is simple and accessible to everyone, including people unfamiliar with computer programs or cognitive intervention batteries.
People over 50, older adults and seniors: This program is indicated for anyone interested in evaluating and improving their main cognitive functions.
Family members or caregivers: The role of the family is essential to provide support to older adults and help them maintain, or improve, their cognitive functioning and mental speed, as well as, to achieve satisfactory aging and decrease dependency.
Health professionals: This validated instrument of stimulation and neurorehabilitation can assist health professionals (doctors, psychologists, elder specialists, etc.) in the detection, diagnosis, and intervention of cognitive disorders associated with aging.
Day centers and gerontological interventions: CogniFit’s cognitive rehabilitation tasks and games are very easy to apply, and are tailored to the unique characteristics of each senior.
Researchers and scientists: The progressive aging of the population, together with an increase in life expectancy, makes it necessary to promote research aimed at improving the cognitive maintenance of older people and their quality of life.
CogniFit participates in the “space race” to reach Mars by assessing the cognitive performance of astronauts under adverse conditions.
CogniFit, a leading neuropsychological assessment, cognitive stimulation and brain training program, participates in the Poland Mars Analogue Simulation 2017 (PMAS 2017) international space mission by assessing the crew’s cognitive abilities under adverse conditions on the Moon or Mars. The technological innovation of CogniFit helps to prepare the arrival of the man to the red planet. Investigating and answering questions about how the human being behaves is fundamental to achieving mission success.
CogniFit’s technological innovation helps prepare humans arrival to the red planet. Investigating and answering questions about how human beings behave is fundamental to achieving this mission success.
CogniFit – Cognitive Assessments and Brain Training in Astronauts
The Space Generation Advisory Council, supported by various institutions (such as the United Nations), is sending 6 astronauts to a simulated mission on the planetary surface of the Moon and Mars. This analog simulation project will be carried out in Poland, hence its name: Poland Mars Analogue Simulation 2017 (PMAS 2017).
Participants will have to follow a rigorous schedule of space exploration activities. The first three days of the mission, the astronauts will live and work in a habitat that simulates that of the Moon. The remaining 11 days, the simulated habitat will be Mars. These astronauts will continuously have support from the mission’s support center, that has more than 25 members. In the “Martian phase” of the project, they will have a delay of 15 minutes in their communications, since it is intended to simulate all the conditions of the real habitat.
CogniFit, a leading provider of neuropsychological assessments, cognitive stimulation, and brain training programs, participates in the international space mission by daily assessing the astronaut’s and crew’s cognitive abilities.
Investigating and answering questions about how the human being behaves is fundamental to achieving this mission’s success. Knowing the effects of isolation and other adverse circumstances that can happen in hostile habitats, like that of the Moon or Mars, increases necessary knowledge to launch a space mission to the red planet.
The participants of the mission come from Spain, the United States, France, India, Israel, Nigeria, Puerto Rico, and many more, with a total of 28 countries. For two weeks, the scientific team will perform studies that address a multitude of scientific disciplines ranging from engineering to astrophysics, psychology, geology, and biology.
This makes the Poland Mars Analogue Simulation of 2017 one of the most interdisciplinary, international and multicultural analog missions ever undertaken. CogniFits technological innovation contributes to change history and science by helping to better understand the human brain and prepare them to arrive on the red planet. You can also be like these astronauts, evaluate and train your cognitive abilities by Registering Here.
Korsakoff syndrome is a memory problem that is usually due to alcohol abuse or overly restrictive diets that lead to vitamin deficiency. Find out here what it consists of, what are its main symptoms, causes, treatment and how we prevent it.
Korsakoff Syndrome
What is the Korsakoff Syndrome?
Korsakoff syndrome is a chronic memory disorder due to severe deficiency of thiamine, or vitamin B1.
Thiamin helps the brain produce energy from sugar. When levels fall drastically brain cells can’t generate enough energy to function properly and as a result, Korsakoff syndrome can develop.
It is believed that this deficiency causes damage to the thalamus and mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus. Mammillary bodies are brain parts or small structures with many connections to the hippocampus (an area closely related to memory). There is also general brain atrophy, loss, and neuronal damage.
Research has shown that this deficiency alters the substances responsible for transmitting signals between brain cells and storing memories. These alterations can destroy neurons and cause bleeding and microscopic scars throughout the brain tissue.
This syndrome is often, but not always, preceded by an episode of Wernicke’s encephalopathy. This consists of an acute reaction of the brain due to a severe lack of thiamine. Wernicke’s encephalopathy is a medical emergency that causes severe life-threatening brain disturbance, mental confusion, uncoordinated movement and abnormal and involuntary eye movements. Because Korsakoff syndrome is commonly preceded by an episode of Wernicke’s encephalopathy, the chronic disorder is sometimes called Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. However, Korsakoff can develop without a previous episode of this encephalopathy.
Korsakoff Syndrome Symptoms
Korsakoff is characterized by memory problems but retaining consciousness. This may give the impression during conversations that he is in full possession of his faculties.
However, he has severe alterations in recent memory. The person will ask the same questions over and over again, read the same page for hours, and is not able to recognize the people they have seen several times in the course of his illness.
Memory problems can be very severe, both short-term memory and long-term memory with many memory gaps or memory loss, while other skills such as social or thoughts may be relatively intact.
The main symptoms are:
Anterograde amnesia: inability to form new memories or learn new information.
Retrograde amnesia: severe loss of existing memories, prior to the beginning of the disease.
Confabulations: invented memories that are believed by the individual himself as real because of memory gaps.
Conversation with low content.
Lack of introspection.
Apathy.
Individuals with Korsakoff syndrome may show different symptoms. In some cases, a patient may continue to “live in the past”, convinced that his life and the world remain unchanged since the beginning of the disorder.
Others may display a wide variety of confabulations. Retrograde amnesia does not happen to all memories alike but affects more in recent events. The older the memories, the more they remain intact. This may be because recent memories are not fully consolidated in our brains, therefore, being more vulnerable to their loss.
Confabulations in Korsakoff Syndrome
One of the most characteristic symptoms of people with Korsakoff syndrome is the confabulations. They often “collude” or invent information they can’t remember. It is not that they are “lying”, but actually believe their invented explanations. There is still no agreed scientific explanation as to why this happens.
Korsakoff Syndrome-Confabulations
Some people may show constant, even frenetic, conspiracies. They continually invent new identities, with detailed and convincing stories that support them, to replace the reality they have forgotten.
Causes of Korsakoff Syndrome
We know that excessive intake of alcohol can harm our nervous system. In fact, in most cases, Korsakoff’s syndrome is due to alcohol abuse and its consequences on our brain.
Research has identified some genetic variations that may increase the risk of this disorder. In addition, poor nutrition can also be an important factor.
Korsakoff syndrome can also be caused by eating disorders, such as anorexia, overly restrictive diets, starvation, or sudden weight loss after surgery. Also by uncontrolled vomiting, HIV virus, chronic infection or cancer that has spread throughout the body.
Treatment of Korsakoff Syndrome
Intervention for Korsakoff syndrome should be approached from a multidisciplinary point of view, in which doctors, psychologists, and neuropsychologists will work to achieve the best results.
Some experts recommend that people who consume large amounts of alcohol or have other risks of thiamine deficiency, take oral supplements, always under the supervision of a doctor.
It is also recommended that anyone who has had a history of alcohol abuse or symptoms associated with Wernicke’s encephalopathy be injected with thiamine. For people who develop Korsakoff Syndrome, treatment with oral thiamine, other vitamins and magnesium may increase the chances of symptoms improving.
A psychological intervention will revolve around maintaining alcohol abstinence. From the neuropsychological point of view, it will help to compensate for their deficits, so that the patient can integrate socially and lead a life as normal as possible. CogniFit is a tool that trains different cognitive skills affected by Korsakoff Syndrome.
Prognosis of Korsakoff syndrome
Some data suggest that about 25 percent of people with Korsakoff syndrome recover, half improve but don’t fully recover, and another 25 percent remain the same.
According to these researchers, the mortality rate is high, between 10 and 20%. This is mainly due to lung infection, septicemia, liver decompensation disorder and an irreversible thiamine deficiency state.
Early attention and treatment for Korsakoff symptoms is very important. Early treatment of Wernicke’s encephalopathies may improve prognosis and prevent Korsakoff’s syndrome. For example, eye problems begin to improve in hours or days, motor problems, in days or weeks. Although some 60% of patients may have some residual symptoms.
According to these authors, once the Korsakoff syndrome has been established, the prognosis is quite pessimistic. Approximately 80% of patients are left with a chronic memory disorder. These can get to learn simple and repetitive tasks that involve procedural memory (motor memory).
Cognitive recovery is slow and incomplete and reaches its highest level of recovery after one year of treatment. Although recovery may occur, it depends on factors such as age or alcohol withdrawal.
Tips for Preventing Korsakoff Syndrome
Tips for Preventing Korsakoff Syndrome
The primary advice is to reduce your alcohol intake to a minimum. The less alcohol, the better. Although we think that drink very little, the fact is that even in small amounts, we are already damaging our body.
A healthy and non-restrictive diet will ensure the synthesis of the vitamins needed to function properly and in particular thiamine or B1.
Go to the doctor whenever we detect memory problems. He will establish if it is a problem associated with normal aging or some kind of dementia.
Maintain a good support system, since loved ones will be of help in case any disturbing symptoms appear.
If you think you drink more than you do and don’t know how to quit, go to a professional who will help you reduce your alcohol intake.
Feel free to leave a comment below.
This article is originally in Spanish written by Andrea García Cerdán, translated by Alejandra Salazar.
Psicóloga General Sanitaria y sexóloga. Deseosa de mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas mediante la práctica clínica y la comunicación a través de la red.
Hippocampus. Have you ever gone blank and forgotten what you were going to say? Our brain is full of important data and information that we have stored over the years. Sometimes we have so much information that we force our brain to get rid and ignore some data. The part of the brain in charge of such important functions as memory and learning is the hippocampus. Without this brain structure, we would lose the ability to remember and feel the emotions associated with memories. You want to know more? Keep reading!
Hippocampus
What is the Hippocampus?
The hippocampus is named after the anatomist Giulio Cesare Aranzio who in the 16th century observed that this brain structure bears a great resemblance to a seahorse.
The word hippocampus comes from the Greek Hippos (horse) and Kampe (crooked). In his discovery, this part of the brain was related to the sense of smell and he advocated the explanation that the hippocampus’ main function was to process the olfactory stimuli.
This explanation was defended until in 1890 when Vladimir Béjterev demonstrated the actual function of the hippocampus in relation to memory and cognitive processes. It is one of the most important parts of the human brain because it is closely related to memory functioning and emotions. It is a small organ located within the temporal lobe (approximately behind each temple), which communicates with different areas of the cerebral cortex in what is known as the “hippocampus system.” It is a small organ with an elongated and curved shape. Inside our brain, we have two hippocampi, one in each hemisphere (left and right).
The hippocampus is known as the main structure in memory processing.
Where is the Hippocampus?
It is very well located, connected to different regions of the brain. It is located in the middle temporal lobe.
The hippocampus along with other brain structures such as the amygdala and hypothalamus form the limbic system and are responsible for managing the most primitive physiological responses. They belong to the most “ancient, deep and primitive” part of the brain, in a part of the brain known as “archicortex” (the oldest region of the human brain) that appeared millions of years ago in our ancestors to meet their most basic needs.
The blue part is the hippocampus
What does the Hippocampus do?
Among its main functions are the mental processes related to memory consolidation and the learning process. As well as, processes associated with the regulation and production of emotional states and spatial perception. How does the brain learn?
Some research has also linked it to behavioral inhibition, but this information is still in the research phase as it is fairly recent.
Hippocampus and Memory
The hippocampus is primarily related to emotional memory and declarative memory. It allows us to identify faces, to describe different things and to associate the positive or negative feelings that we feel with the memories of the lived events.
It intervenes in forming both episodic and autobiographical memories from the experiences we are living. The brain needs to “make room” to be able to store all the information over the years and for this, it transfers the temporal memories to other areas of the brain where memory storage takes place in the long term.
In this way, older memories take longer to disappear. If the hippocampus were damaged, we would lose the ability to learn and the ability to retain information in memory. In addition to allowing the information to pass into long-term memory, it links the contents of the memory with positive or negative emotions that correspond depending on whether the memories are associated with good or bad experiences.
There are many types of memory: semantic memory, visual memory, working memory, implicit memory, etc. In the case of the hippocampus, it intervenes specifically in declarative memory (it covers our personal experiences and the knowledge we have about the world), managing the contents that can be expressed verbally. The different types of memory are not governed solely by the hippocampus but are formed by other brain regions. It does not take care of all the processes related to memory loss but it covers a good part of them.
Hippocampus and Learning
It allows learning and retention of information since it is one of the few areas of the brain that have neurogenesis throughout life.
That is, it has the ability to generate new neurons and new connections between neurons throughout the life cycle. Learning is acquired gradually after many efforts and this is directly related to it. For new information to be consolidated in our brains, it is vitally important that new connections are formed between neurons. That is why the hippocampus has a fundamental role in learning.
Curiosity:Is it true that the hippocampus of London taxi drivers is bigger or more developed? Why? London taxi drivers must pass a hard memory test where they must memorize a myriad of streets and places to get the license. In the year 2000, Maguire studied London taxi drivers and observed that the posterior hippocampus was greater. He also noted that the size was directly proportional to the time the taxi drivers were working. This is because of the effect of training, learning and experience changes and shapes the brain.
Spatial perception and its relationship with the hippocampus
Another important function in which the hippocampus stands out is the spatial orientation, where it plays a very important role.
Spatial perception helps us to keep our mind and body in a three-dimensional space. It allows us to move and helps us interact with the world around us.
There have been different studies with mice where it is stated that it is an area of vital importance for orientation capacity and spatial memory.
Thanks to its correct functioning, we are capable of performing acts such as guiding us through cities we do not know, etc. However, the data concerning people are much more limited and more research is needed.
What happens when the hippocampus is disturbed?
An injury to the hippocampus can mean problems generating new memories. An brain injury can cause anterograde amnesia, affecting specific memories but leaving intact learning skills or abilities.
Lesions can cause anterograde or retrograde amnesia. Non-declarative memory would remain intact and uninjured. For example, a person with a hippocampal injury may learn to ride a bicycle after the injury, but he would not remember ever seeing a bicycle. That is, a person with the damaged hippocampus can continue to learn skills but not remember the process.
Anterograde amnesia is memory loss that affects events occurring after the injury. Retrograde amnesia, on the other hand, affects the forgetfulness generated before the injury.
At this point, you will wonder why the hippocampus is damaged when there are cases of amnesia. It is simple, this part of the brain acts as a gateway to brain patterns that sporadically retain events until they pass to the frontal lobe. One could say that the hippocampus is key to memory consolidation, transforming short-term memory into long-term memory. If this access door is damaged and you can’t save the information, it won’t be possible to produce longer-term memories. In addition to losing the ability to remember, when injuries or damage to the hippocampus occurs, you may lose the ability to feel the emotions associated with such memories, since you would not be able to relate the memories to the emotions that evoke it.
Why can the Hippocampus be damaged?
Most of the alterations that may occur in the hippocampus are produced as a result of aging and neurodegenerative diseases, stress, stroke, epilepsy, aneurysms, encephalitis, schizophrenia.
Aging and dementias
In aging in general and dementias such as Alzheimer’s disease in particular, the hippocampus is one of the areas that has previously been damaged, impairing the ability to form new memories or the ability to recall more or less recent autobiographical information. Memory problems, in this case, are associated with the death of hippocampal neurons.
Most of us know of someone who has suffered or suffers from some kind of dementia and has experienced memory loss. It is curious how the memories that remain are childhood memories or the oldest memories. You may wonder why this happens if the hippocampus is supposed to be damaged.
Well, although it is severely damaged (whether by dementia or any other type of illness), the most common memories are the oldest and they are also the most relevant to the life of the person. This is because over time these memories have been “becoming independent” of the hippocampus to be part of other structures related to long-term memory.
Hippocampus and stress
This region of the brain is very vulnerable to periods of stress because it inhibits and atrophies the neurons of this structure.
Have you noticed that when we are very stressed and we have a billion things to do sometimes we feel forgetful?
Stress and specifically cortisol (a type of hormone that is released in response to stressful moments) damage our brain structures sometimes causing neuronal death. That is why it is fundamental that we learn to remain calm and manage our emotions to get our hippocampus to remain strong and continue to exercise their functions optimally.
To know more watch the following video.
If you like this super interesting subject about memory, I recommend you watch the movie “Memento”. I’ll leave the trailer here so you can see what it’s about.
If you liked this post, leave your comment below. I will be happy to read it and answer your questions :).
This article is originally in Spanish written by Mairena Vázquez, translated by Alejandra Salazar.
Alejandra is a clinical and health psychologist. She is a child specialist with a diploma in evaluation and intervention in autism. She has worked in different schools with young children and private practice for over 6 years. She is interested in early childhood intervention, emotional intelligence, and attachment styles. As a brain and human behavior enthusiast, she is more than happy to answer your questions and share her experience.
The brain is divided into four lobes, differentiated by their location and functions. In this article, we are going to focus on one of the lobes: the frontal lobe. The frontal lobe is the biggest lobe in the brain and the most important lobe for the human species.
Why is the frontal lobe so relevant? What are its functions? The following article will give you an all-inclusive look on the frontal lobe.
Frontal lobe
Frontal Lobe: Anatomy and Functions
The Frontal lobe is located at the front of the brain, at the front of each cerebral hemisphere and in front of the parietal lobe. It is considered the most important lobe due to its functions and because it takes up one-third of the total brain. In other species its volume is inferior (chimpanzees 17% and dogs 7%).
The functions of the frontal lobe depend on the area we focus on. It plays a part on movement control as well as in high-level mental functions or behavior and emotional control. The frontal lobe is divided into two main areas: the motor cortex and the prefrontal cortex.
Motor cortex in the frontal lobe
The main function of the motor cortex is to control voluntary movement, including the ones in expressive language, writing, and ocular movement. This cortex is divided into three areas:
Primary Motor Cortex
Sends commands to the neurons in the brain stems and spinal cord. These neurons are in charge of specific voluntary movements. Inside the primary motor cortex, of both hemispheres, there is a representation of the contralateral half of the body. That is, in each hemisphere, there is a representation of the opposite side of the body.This is known as the motor homunculus and it is inverted, therefore the head is represented at the bottom.
Premotor Cortex
This area is in control of the preparation and movement programming. Premotor cortex automates, harmonizes and archives movement programs related to previous experiences. Within the premotor cortex:
Supplementary motor area: in charge of controlling postural stability during stance or walking.
Ocular field: controls the joint deviation of the gaze when voluntary exploring a field.
Broca’s Area
It’s considered the center for producing speech, writing, and also in language processing and comprehension. It coordinates movements of the mouth, larynx and respiratory organs that control language expression. Injuries can produce different language disorders.
Prefrontal Cortex of the Front lobe
The prefrontal cortex is located in the front part of the frontal lobe. It is considered the ultimate expression of human brain development. It is responsible for cognition, behavior and emotional activity. Prefrontal cortex receives information from the limbic system (involved in emotional control) and acts as a mediator between cognition and feelings through executive functions. Executive functions are a set of cognitive skills necessary for controlling and self-regulating your behavior. Within the prefrontal cortex, three areas or circuits are important: dorsolateral, anterior and orbital cingulum.
Dorsolateral area of the frontal lobe
It is one of the most recently evolved parts of the human brain. It establishes connections with the other three brain areas and transforms the information into thoughts, decisions, plans, and actions. It is in charge of superior cognitive abilities such as:
Attention: Focus, inhibition, and divided attention.
Working memory: maintenance and manipulation of the information.
Planning:organizing behavior towards a new objective.
General Cognitive Assessment Battery from CogniFit: Study brain function and complete a comprehensive online screening. Precisely evaluate a wide range of abilities and detect cognitive well-being (high-moderate-low). Identify strengths and weaknesses in the areas of memory, concentration/attention, executive functions, planning, and coordination.
Anterior cingulum of the frontal lobe
This area regulates motivational processes. It’s also in charge of perceiving and resolving conflicts as well as regulating sustained attention.
Orbital area of the frontal lobe
This area is in charge of controlling emotion and social conduct. It regulates emotional processing, controls behaviors based on context and detects beneficial or detrimental change.
A neuroscientist explains the frontal lobe and the types of disorders that can happen after an injury.
Frontal Lobe: Disorders related to it
As we have explained, the frontal lobe is involved in different processes (motors, cognitive, emotional and behavioral). This is why disorders due to injuries suffered to this area can vary from concussion symptoms to others more severe.
Motor disorders
Injuries to the primary or premotor cortex can cause difficulties in the velocity, execution and movement coordination, all leading to different types of apraxia. Apraxia is a disorder in which the individual has difficulty with the motor planning to perform tasks or movements when asked, provided that the request or command is understood and he/she is willing to perform the task. A University of Toronto scientist has discovered the brain’s frontal lobe is involved in pain transmission to the spine. If his findings in animals bear out in people, the discovery could lead to a new class of non-addictive painkillers.
Ideomotor apraxia: Deficits or difficulty in their ability to plan or complete previously learned motor actions, especially those that need an instrument or prop. They are able to explain how to perform an action but can’t act out a movement.
Limb-kinetic apraxia: voluntary movements of extremities are impaired. For example, they can’t use their fingers in a coordinated fashion (waving).
Buccofacial or orofacial apraxia: Difficulty carrying out movements of the face, tongue, mouth, cheeks, etc. on demand.
Apart from the apraxias, other disorders can be developed from injuries to the frontal lobe, such as language disorders or aphasias.
Transcortical Motor Aphasia: language disorder due to which the person has a lack of verbal fluency (slow speech with reduced content and poorly organized), limited spontaneous language (lack of initiative) and difficulty or incapacity in writing.
Broca’s Aphasia: language disorder that generates a lack of verbal fluency, anomia (inability to access the lexicon to evoke words), poor syntactic construction in speech, difficulties in repetition, reading and writing.
Dysexecutive syndrome
It consists of a group of symptoms, cognitive, behavioral and emotional that tend to happen together. However, the symptoms are going to depend on the injured area:
Dorsolateral Area
An injury in this area is usually related to cognitive problems such as:
Inability to solve complex problems: decrease in fluid intelligence (reasoning, adapting and resolving of new situations, etc.).
Cognitive rigidity and perseveration: the person maintains a thought or action despite being invited to change it.
Decreased learning ability: difficulty in acquiring and maintaining new learning.
Temporal memory impairment: deficit in the order things happened
Deficiency in motor programming and changing motor activities: difficulties in the organization of sequences of movements and the time to change an activity.
A decrease in verbal fluidity: impairment in the ability to recall words after an instruction. This action not only requires the lexical part but also organization, planning, focus and selective attention.
Attention Deficit: difficulty maintaining your attention and inhibiting other irrelevant stimuli or changing the focus of attention.
Pseudo-depressive disorders: similar symptoms to depression (sadness, apathy, etc.).
Anterior cingulum area
Reduction of spontaneous activity: appear to be static.
A loss in initiative and motivation: noticeable apathy.
Alexithymia: difficulty identifying emotions and therefore inability in expressing own emotions.
Language restriction: answers tend to be monosyllabic.
Difficulty in controlling interference: selective attention impairment.
Pseudo-depressive disorders.
Orbital area
The symptoms of an injury in this area are more behavioral. The person’s behavior tends to be uninhibited.
Changes in personality: high instability between who he is and how he acts. Similar to what happened to Phineas Gage.
Irritability and aggressiveness: exaggerated emotional reactions in daily life situations.
Echopraxia: imitation of observed movements in others.
Disinhibition and impulsivity: lack of self-control over their behavior.
Difficulty adapting to social norms and rules: behaves socially unacceptable.
Judgment is impaired: many reasoning errors.
Lack of empathy: difficulty understanding other people’s feelings.
Euphoria
The frontal lobe is incredibly important for humans to function to their full potential. Even without brain injury, it’s crucial to maintain our cognitive skills active. CogniFit offers a complete assessment of your cognitive skills and brain training not only as a rehabilitation due to injury, dementia, etc. but it can also strengthen your current neural patterns. Brain health is essential to lead a full life.
Hope you liked this article, feel free to leave a message below!
This article is originally in Spanish written by Natalia Pasquin Mora, translated by Alejandra Salazar.
Alejandra is a clinical and health psychologist. She is a child specialist with a diploma in evaluation and intervention in autism. She has worked in different schools with young children and private practice for over 6 years. She is interested in early childhood intervention, emotional intelligence, and attachment styles. As a brain and human behavior enthusiast, she is more than happy to answer your questions and share her experience.
What is self-appraisal? What is it for? What are its advantages and disadvantages? In this article, we will answer these questions and more. Also, we will give advice so that you can apply, self-evaluations to any aspect of your life. This method is not only great for students, it’s also necessary to establish what abilities are needed from us in different areas of life.
Self-appraisal
Self-appraisal: Meaning and importance
What is self-appraisal?A self-appraisal or self-evaluation is a method that allows evaluation of one’s own strengths and weaknesses in a specific task. The difference from hetero-evaluation andco-evaluation, is that the first is usually done by your boss or a superior and the latter is done by members of your group.
It’s possible to do self-assessments or self-appraisals through different methods. They are an essential tool in order to face with assurance any challenge. If we want a positive outcome it’s important to do a self-assessment in order to extract convenient conclusions and act accordingly.
Practice tests in driving education or at the end of a book chapter are examples of self-appraisals. Here you will find out everything you need to know so you can adequately estimate your knowledge and performance in different areas.
What are the purpose of self-appraisals?
We have all done have done a self-appraisal for one reason or another, be it to cause a good impression public speaking, to test our memory, or to inquire our strengths and weaknesses as friends or partners, etc. We will write the areas in which self-appraisal is key and how to use this tool.
Self-Appraisal in education
Regardless of the education stage, self-evaluation of knowledge, aptitude and cognitive abilities is essential to pass any subject. Generally, even if we haven’t done a self-assessment, when taking an exam or giving in a paper, we have an idea what the outcome might be. However, taking practice tests beforehand may help adjust our skills to the task objectives and help us overcome our academic challengeswith precision and effectiveness. Self-appraisals allow each student to learn at their own pace in a responsible manner.
Nerves before an exam or a challenge is something natural in spite of our preparation. However, if we have practiced and corrected our mistakes previously we can tackle the task with trustworthiness and self-control. On the other hand, professors can also benefit from this tool to enhance their work performance or even make self-appraisal a class objective.
Neuroscience and educational neuroscience have aimed to improve formative assessments and self-appraisals in schools. CogniFit educational technology and platform, based on neuro-education, is one of the most popular and used computer-based program in educational neuroscience. It has been applied in different schools around the world with high effectiveness for all students, especially for students with special needs or learning disabilities.
This scientific resource, designed to optimize self-appraisal and educational processes, has been created for educators and has proven to be quite effective in exploring cognitive processes involved in learning.
This CogniFit tool evaluates different cognitive areas that can help teachers, parents, and students know themselves better and identify certain neurological causes related to school failure.
Through this tool, CogniFit, develops personalized cognitive training and rehabilitation for children so that they can improve their cognitive abilities such as attention, memory, planning and others that are fundamental for learning and performance in different subjects.
How does it work? This tool is easy to use, the first is for students to develop a baseline by completing the full cognitive evaluation. This self-evaluation and its report will determine with precision which cognitive areas are strong and which require training. All of the brain games developed by CogniFit have been designed and validated clinically in order to identify cognitive strengths and weaknesses involved in learning.
Also, using the results of this initial evaluation, CogniFit program, designs and programs specific training for each child according to their needs.
School failure is one of the biggest concerns in the educational system. Therefore it is of importance to teach about brain knowledge in education. For students to develop full learning skills it’s important for schools to have neuro-educative tools at their disposal.
Self-Appraisal at work
Self-assessment at the workplace should become a habit for most of us. Some companies ask their employees that they self-evaluate periodically while others just expect the initiative to come from themselves.
When faced with a promotion or discovering that we are not being efficient, it’s crucial to reflect on our strengths and weaknesses in order to maximize our capacities and correct our mistakes. To elaborate a previously reasonable diagnosis is the first step to problem resolution.
Moreover, self-appraisal is not the only thing necessary when evaluating our performance. If the analysis of our self-evaluation is correct, we can even manage to increment our motivation, self-efficacy, and self-control. Sometimes we are stuck in our ways and can’t see a different way of doing things, making it difficult to leave our comfort zone. However, asking ourselves if we are responsible, on time, team players, organized or have other qualities that are relevant for our job might help us find other opportunities. Stopping to examine our work situation in a holistic and unbiased way may open the doors to improving our performance, work relationship, correcting mistakes, etc.
Self-Appraisal in health
There are signs and symptoms relative to our mental and physical health that we can observe in our bodies. Checking our body for these signs is important when detecting or discarding any diseases. Negative thoughts and self-evaluations can cause acne or other skin problems. Nonetheless, if after a self-appraisal we notice something unusual it’s important not to rush into conclusions without consulting with a physician or other professionals capable of professionally making a diagnosis. Currently, there are several online cognitive assessments, that help us measure our cognitive abilities and understand brain areas and brain functions.
Self-evaluation in everyday life
It’s common for people to question their acts and thoughts. Have I offended him with my words? Is this outfit fit for an interview? It’s normal, healthy and acceptable to reflect on our day to day actions (unless we are being irrational or too hard on ourselves).
In this case, we don’t have specific parameters from which to make a self-evaluation. Everyone is free to choose what are their aspirations and goals. Our well-being depends mainly on who we want to be and what aspects we consider relevant. Therefore, our self-appraisals will differ from person to person.
There are no reliable, valid or fair guides about what models should we follow when doing a self-assessment, however, we must not let subjectiveness lead the way. Aspects such as our social relationships, how much time we dedicate to what makes us happy if we behave according to our values and other aspects of our personal life should be reviewed periodically in order to develop our personal growth.
Self-Appraisal: Examples
With these examples, you will be able to apply these different self-appraisal methods to the areas you consider most important. The most crucial thing to keep in mind is that you must feel comfortable with the method and it should adapt to your goals.
Book: textbooks usually have different chapters which end with a review section where they invite readers to critically think about aspects in the chapter and sometimes even include mini assessments or tests. This is a self-appraisal that allows checking how much knowledge we retained of the subject at hand.
Digital resources: Web pages and apps that enable us to evaluate our knowledge are in constant growth. Online self-appraisals or self-evaluations give immediate answers to different questions and are accessible at any moment in time. Unfortunately, they are limited to closed answers and don’t leave much space for creative answers. For example, we can download tests on a specific topic in Biology or on our knowledge of emotions.
Self-appraisal sheet: We can write how we think we did in a specific activity, the areas that need improvement, our strengths, how much progress have we made since our last self-appraisal, etc. We may find a document that already includes the questions we need or custom make it fit your needs. In order to create your own, it’s paramount to think about relevant things (for example, Am I nice to strangers), order and rate them accordingly.
Regardless of the format, the fundamental aspect is that we know how to interpret our results and continue practicing motivated. Any resource that helps us learn, maintain information and retain content will contribute to further skill building in any field.
Self-Appraisal: Benefits
Self-evaluations have many benefits, that combined with other strategies are a fantastic tool.
They are fit for any age: From preschoolers to older adults can benefit from this tool and learn to be critical about themselves (in a healthy way). In each stage in life we have interests and different missions, therefore, we have to self-evaluate ourselves in different spheres. No matter the case, a self-assessment is always going to be helpful.
They grant us to know our level in a specific task: Sometimes we think we have tried everything in order to reach our goals. We have been polite to our neighbors, we have read loads of information on leadership, etc. However, we might not be adapting how we should to the different circumstances. If the self-appraisal is done correctly, it is easier for us to tackle our goals with a more realistic approach.
Useful way to practice:Self-appraisal facilitates knowledge and abilities in a flexible and practical way that we can adapt to our needs. They are a perfect addition to activities we decide to do, regardless of the activity itself.
Reinforces knowledge: When taking a moment to establish new goals, we usually review the subjects we studied or focus on a specific aspect of our life. When performing a self-evaluation we tend to make connections between ideas, enabling for them to be retained in our long-term memory.
Helps us get to know ourselves better: Self-appraisal stimulates self-examination. It not only allows us to dive in our general knowledge but also leads us to question personal aspects of ourselves regardless of the purpose of the self-evaluation. For example, the things we most question are our sense of responsibility, virtues, defects, etc.
Encourages independence: self-appraisal is a habit we should incorporate in our lives since it permits us to control our progress and deficits and helps us be more responsible and independent when dealing with tasks.
Increases our motivation: Receiving feedback can motivate us to continue working hard. Knowing our deficiencies and still being able to get good results is a good incentive to continue. Are you up for a self-appraisal?
Self-Appraisal: Tips to improve learning
Do self-evaluation relaxed
If you are tired, stressed or for some reason can’t concentrate in the self-appraisal, it’s better to postpone it. If you carry on in that state, your performance will decrease and your results won’t be representative.
Be realistic
Only by performing a self-assessment we won’t progress, we need to establish a specific goal. For example: improve our memory.
Be honest with yourself
It’s tempting to perform a self-appraisal guided by a book that contains answers or have a friend help us answer, or search the internet for the best option, etc. However, this is just a way to cheat ourselves. If we want to take advantage of this tool, we have to be as truthful as possible.
See failure as a good thing
It’s normal to fail and our self-appraisals will not be what we expected. Don’t beat yourself up about it. It’s important to recognize our mistakes but also our merits. It’s important to know the weight of our criticism on ourselves. Pessimism will only come back as negative performance.
Be organized
If you want to progress it’s important to be systematic in your actions and never stop challenging yourself. If meditating these aspects is difficult, set a time and place for self-appraisal, it doesn’t take much time and the benefits are worth it.
Test different types of self-appraisal
You might not like a multiple choice test but rather short essay questions where you can write about your opinions and knowledge. It’s ok to try different methods and you can even combine as many as you like in order to achieve a broader perspective.
Take advantage of new technologies
Recently, neuro-education is booming. Thanks to new advances in this field and in different technologies, life is changing rapidly and many resources are being created to increase the quality of life. Each day we have more information on how our brain works.
CogniFit is a leading company in cognitive evaluation and cognitive stimulation. It’s mainly for professional researchers and doctors. However, anyone can have access to its online platform. Through different and fun brain games it makes it possible to detect and train cognitive areas that need a bit more exercise.
Thank you for reading. Have you ever performed a self-appraisal? Do you think it’s a good tool? What strategies do you use? Please feel free to comment below.
This article is originally in Spanish by Ainhoa Arranz Aldana, translated by Alejandra Salazar.
Alejandra is a clinical and health psychologist. She is a child specialist with a diploma in evaluation and intervention in autism. She has worked in different schools with young children and private practice for over 6 years. She is interested in early childhood intervention, emotional intelligence, and attachment styles. As a brain and human behavior enthusiast, she is more than happy to answer your questions and share her experience.
There are many easy ways for city dwellers to keep our brains sharp while on the go. Millions of people live and work in big cities and come in contact with a myriad of faces, sounds and smells on a daily basis. For people who are new to the city, their brains have a field day with all of the external stimuli. But for those of us who have gotten used to city life, we often forget to seek ways to keep our brains sharp when we are in the city.
By following these simple tips, you can help keep your brain sharp while traveling around in the city:
Ditch the Buds
Most city-dwellers become so accustomed to the sounds of the city that they experience something called “habituation.” Habituation is a psychological term for when people pay less and less attention to stimuli that have become familiar. Habituation has proven evolutionarily beneficial for many species of animals and it makes sense. Once we encounter a seemingly non-threatening stimulus countless times (like the sounds outside our apartments), we lose interest in that stimulus and shift our focus to new, potentially urgent stimuli. Yes, music does have positive cognitive effects. But if it ever feels like your learned habituation has sucked you into a routine of ignoring the world outside of your headphones or feeling bored when traveling around the city, leave them at home for a change!
The cognitive benefits of absorbing the surrounding sounds are plenty. Overstimulation of the ears, such as listening to loud music frequently, can lead to less sensitive eardrums. When we receive auditory input, it is processed in the temporal lobe (on the sides of the brain near the ears) and naturally, our ears’ sensitivity declines with age. But if you have a tendency to turn up the volume on the music coming in through your earbuds, you can prevent premature degradation of your eardrums by tuning into the outside world rather than your music every once in a while. Furthermore, the sounds around us can serve as a protective barrier; the whiz of oncoming traffic and the blares of car horns can warn us when we are crossing the street. Who knows? Perhaps by noticing your surroundings once more you might see or hear something that piques your interest, urges you to start a conversation or pleasantly keeps you wondering for the rest of the day.
Walk, Forrest, Walk!
Exercise is a great way to stimulate blood flow, engage the cardiovascular and nervous systems and sharpen the brain. Replacing the time that you stand or sit on public transportation with just a few added minutes of walking can help you feel more awake and more active. Moreover, walking is a convenient way to put the brain to work in ways you otherwise would not if you were stationary.
We all know that walking requires coordination. At a certain stage in our lives the activity becomes second-nature and almost automatic, but as we know from babies and toddlers, that was not always the case. Initially, for us to walk our brains had to learn to do so, which required our brains to make a series of neural connections in the process. Each time we walk we don’t even think about it, but our brains still do although the energy it takes is imperceptible to us. Whenever you can, plan ahead so that you can hop off of the bus four blocks early or get off of the subway one stop before you normally do. By choosing to do so, your body will burn more calories and your brain will fire more neurons.
Keep your brain sharp by noticing your surroundings
Keep Your Head Up
A lot of people keep their eyes on the ground or gaze around randomly in efforts to avoid eye contact with other people. In fact, seeing other human faces is a great way to keep our brains sharp due to the fact that looking at faces is much more cognitively stimulating than staring at the pavement.
When we look at different faces, even if only for a moment, we activate the “facial recognition” region of the brain known as the “fusiform gyrus.” This area has been shown to play an important role in face recognition, as neurons in the region are excited when humans look at another face. With evolution, the benefits of brain excitation when we look at other humans has to do with the importance of our ancestors being able to recognize members of their families, communities and even their enemies. While it would be an unrealistic demand and daunting task to attempt to remember every face that passes you by, just by looking up rather than looking down you can give your brain a bit more of an exercise when walking amongst throngs of people.
In one of the world’s busiest, brightest and most populated cities, there are many ways for New Yorkers to keep our brains sharp while on the go. CogniFit’s online Brain Games offer exciting and effective ways to train your brain while on the go or at home. The Brain Games that CogniFit has created are scientifically validated and have been shown to actually improve and train brain cognition. Go ahead and try some of CogniFit’s unique and specialized Brain Games now.
The tips and exercises I mentioned are just a few ways to keep your brain sharp and put your neurons to work when moving around in a big city. No matter which city you may reside in, you can get more out of your everyday commutes by choosing to actively absorb the world around you.
References:
Gleitman, Henry, James Gross and Daniel Reisberg. Psychology. 8th ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2011. Print.
Jaffe, Eric. “About Face.” APS: Association for Psychological Science. Observer, February 2008. Web. 18 July 2016.
Maia is an undergraduate student at Columbia University who plans to attend medical school. As an avid language learner and inquisitive psychology and biology student, she is currently studying towards degrees in both Chinese and Neuroscience & Behavior.
ManDee Nogle of The Brain Fitness and Training Center LLC has been using brain training at her practice for years. By using a brain training application along with traditional therapy methods, the Center is able to achieve better results with its brain training patients. They train 41 different cognitive skill sets and six areas of cognition.
Brain training can be used for children and adults of all ages in order to improve stress management, sleep problems, speech difficulties, as well as other neural disorders.
the cognitive assessment and training market that will be worth 7.5 billion USD by 2020
The report “Cognitive Assessment and Training Market by Assessment Type (Pen & Paper Based, Hosted, Biometrics), Service, Application (Clinical Trials, Classroom Learning, Brain Training, Corporate Learning, Academic Research), Vertical and Region – Global Forecast to 2020” by MarketsandMarkets talks about the importance and popularization of cognitive assessment and training tools. These assessments are finding their way in to different markets little by little, such as “dementia screening, clinical trials, academic research, corporate and classroom learning, self-assessment, and brain training. Cognitive assessments can be used in a number of ways and are expected to increase in popularity in the coming years.
Cognitive assessment programs such as CogniFit expect a huge growth in the next five years as it will become a more and more recognized tool to evaluate and train one’s cognitive ability. MarketandMarkets predicts that the cognitive assessment and training market will grow to 7.5 Billion USD by 2020.
In the article on AT&T Thread, brain games and brain traning is questioned. By understanding what these applications do, we can better understand how to use them.
What do you want to achieve?
Brain training applications say that they can train certain parts of the brain in order to improve in various aspects of your life, like performing better at work, recalling names, and reducing stress. How does this happen? Studies have shown that it is possible to create new neural pathways in the brain, making it possible to overcome difficulties and improve assets. Brain plasticity or neuroplasticity allows the brain to create more of these neural pathways, which can enhance reaction time, processing speed, and global cognition.
Applications or websites like CogniFit, Elevate, and Fit Brain all claim to help improve cognitive areas such as memory, concentration, mental reflexes, and problem solving. Other applications are available that focus mainly on memory building.
There are also a range of games and apps used for relaxation and meditation.
Christi Durden, an RN in Seattle was quoted in the AT&T Thread article talking about her personal experience with brain games. “It’s both challenging and relaxing” she says. Durden mentions how working in the health care field makes one very conscious of the difficulties that memory loss causes. While she has no proof that the games have helped her memory, she claimed that they are entertaining and made her better at the individual game.
How packing is an easy way to assess our brain performance
Carlos Rodriguez, CogniFit CTO explains how packing is an easy to assess brain performance. On the Spanish radio show “Hoy por hoy” on Cadena Ser, Rodriguez explains how simple tasks, such as packing a suitcase, can tell us a lot more than just if we have too many clothes or not. Listen to the interview.
While going through the mundane tasks of folding clothes, making sure everything fits, keeping the liquids away from our favorite shirt (just in case), some more important cognitive skills can be assessed. Hand-eye coordination, visual perception, and even planning also play a part while we’re planning for our cruise, trip to the mountains, or headed to the work conference.
You may be wondering how exactly these skills can be measured while packing. While picking up clothes, folding them, and placing them in the desired area of the suitcase you would be able to assess your hand-eye coordination skills. If for example, you want to grab the blue shirt but reach instead for the red one, it may be a sign of deficient hand-eye coordination. Visual perception comes into play when looking at the size of the suitcase and sizes of the clothing. Let’s say we are going to Northern Canada in the winter. In this case, we would want to pack as many thick layers as possible. However, by using our visual perception we can tell that we won’t be able to take all three down-jackets, and we will have to choose only one. Planning is also used while packing, as we must think about the duration of our trip, the temperature, the events that we will be attending, etc. For example, if we are going to the Caribbean, our suitcase is likely be made up of bathing suits, shorts, and a few nice dresses. However, we wouldn’t want to dedicate too much space to the nice clothes, as the majority of the time we will (hopefully) be in our bathing suit.
Working these important skills are necessary to live a long, full life. So, what’s the take-away? Take more trips! You could also practice packing, just for fun…but I wouldn’t recommend that as highly. Or, you could practice brain training exercises, like CogniFit, while you travel, a two-for-one.
CogniFit’s grant program offers new support for brain health in children with Down syndrome
200 children will benefit from a personalized brain-training
program tailored to their specific cognitive needs thanks to CogniFit’s
scientifically validated cognitive assessment and brain fitness program.
Now you can challenge your friends and play CogniFit brain games together in real-time
It is well known that higher social engagement is associated with higher cognitive functioning and reduced risks of cognitive decline. When you use the CogniFit personalized brain training program, you enjoy fun and addictive video games while you are actually training your brain with scientifically validated exercises.
CogniFit just got even more fun as now you can challenge your friends and play brain games with them in real-time. Challenge your friends now either via the CogniFit Challenges Facebook app or directly in CogniFit games. Your friends’ brain will thank you!
Prominent researchers have raised ethical concerns about university scientists’ work for the companies. But some of those scientists reject the criticism as too broad. The Chronicle discloses helpful information you should know when you choose a brain training program
The topic of brain training and its effectiveness has been a question for years. As a new part of the health field, many people are skeptical of its claims and wonder if it really can do what it says.
There are really two sides to this debate. Some researchers, doctors, psychologists, neurologists, etc. claim that it many brain training companies do not have the scientific evidence that they need in order to make the claims that they do. Many professors have refused to take part in the research, and others have signed a document asking for the scientific proof that these activities work.
One professor, Adam Gazzaley is cited on one of the research materials, his name marked with an asterisk. This asterisk shows that there is a conflict of interest, as he is a paid consultant for a company that helped found one of these brain training programs.
Many people do not believe that these companies are deceitful or disingenuous, but when it comes to a question of clients’ money, caution must be taken in order to ensure that they are not being taken advantage of. It is important that the client understand the claims that the company is making, and the fine line between “scientifically based”, and “scientifically validated”.
The latter of these, scientifically based brain training programs, have the scientific research to support their claims and are transparent with their research. CogniFit, a company with 15 years of experience in the brain training field, is one of these companies that has real scientific validation. Tommy Sagroun, CEO of CogniFit, says “[‘based on science’ is] simply a marketing term that is very misleading. It’s not hard to ‘base things on science’”.
Even then, there are some people who say that training with brain training games does not actually help cognition. One user used a brain training program for 9 months and took a 7 month break. When he went back to use the games, he noticed that his scores for all of the games had fallen, proving to him that the games were not effective.
Tommy Sagroun, CogniFit CEO, explains on the Super Aging Today Radio show hosted by Adriane Berg why brain training is a health necessity and how important it is to train with a scientifically validated program.
Dr. Jonny Bowden talks about some ways we can keep our brain in shape with just a few simple tools. As we age, we lose synapses in our brain, or little pathways that carry information from neuron to neuron. If we lose a lot of these synapses, we tend to lose or forget things. But don’t worry! There are some simple remedies to help keep your brain in top shape.
1. Exercise! We already know that exercise is good for our bodies, but it is also good for our brains! Doing some kind of exercise daily helps to maintain blood flow and keeps the whole body working well.
2. CogniFit brain training program. This program has fun games and activities that uses brain plasticity to train and create new synapses. Games that are good for us? Sign me up!
3. Certain oils for cooking, like palm oil contains a ton of nutrients and antioxidents, which our brain and our tastebuds love.
4. Omega-3, found in fish, as well as supplement pills. These Omega-3 supplements help to keep our brain functioning well and ready for the day!
5. Shaklee, which also helps improve brain circulation, is another must. And, it’s made with chardnay grapes so it’s healthy and delicious!
Dr. Jonny Bowden, PhD, Certified Nutrition Specialist @ShakleeHQ talks #BrainHealth on @WBAL TV News11. Keep your brain healthy and fit! Check the video here.
Dr. Bruce Daggy, @ShakleeHQ Sr. VP of R&D/Chief Science Officer talks #BrainHealth on @Fox32News yesterday. Keep your brain healthy and fit! http://bit.ly/1qdRjBr
